Artificial Intelligence in Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: A Systematic Review.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a technology that is evolving rapidly and is changing the world and medicine as we know it. After reviewing the PROSPERO database of systematic reviews, there is no article related to this topic in facial plastic and reconstructive surgery. The objective of this article was to review the literature regarding AI applications in facial plastic and reconstructive surgery.A systematic review of the literature about AI in facial plastic and reconstructive surgery using the following keywords: Artificial Intelligence, robotics, plastic surgery procedures, and surgery plastic and the following databases: PubMed, SCOPUS, Embase, BVS, and LILACS. The inclusion criteria were articles about AI in facial plastic and reconstructive surgery. Articles written in a language other than English and Spanish were excluded. In total, 17 articles about AI in facial plastic met the inclusion criteria; after eliminating the duplicated papers and applying the exclusion criteria, these articles were reviewed thoroughly. The leading type of AI used in these articles was computer vision, explicitly using models of convolutional neural networks to objectively compare the preoperative with the postoperative state in multiple interventions such as facial lifting and facial transgender surgery.In conclusion, AI is a rapidly evolving technology, and it could significantly impact the treatment of patients in facial plastic and reconstructive surgery. Legislation and regulations are developing slower than this technology. It is imperative to learn about this topic as soon as possible and that all stakeholders proactively promote discussions about ethical and regulatory dilemmas.

Forehead Reduction Surgery with Hairline Advancement.

Hairline reduction surgery, also known as aesthetic forehead reduction, is a surgical procedure that aims to reduce the upper facial third and improve facial harmony. This article describes the anatomy of hairline advancement surgery and the surgical technique used by the author. The study included 21 patients from 2019 to 2023, and the forehead reduction length was on average 22.48 ± 2.64 mm. The most common complaint was hypoesthesia of the scalp, present in 100% of patients, resolving in all cases by 2 months after surgery. Forehead reduction surgery is among the procedures that provide more satisfaction to patients due to the great changes that it can achieve.

Unraveling the Potential of miRNAs from CSCs as an Emerging Clinical Tool for Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis.

Breast cancer (BC) is the most diagnosed cancer in women and the second most common cancer globally. Significant advances in BC research have led to improved early detection and effective therapies. One of the key challenges in BC is the presence of BC stem cells (BCSCs). This small subpopulation within the tumor possesses unique characteristics, including tumor-initiating capabilities, contributes to treatment resistance, and plays a role in cancer recurrence and metastasis. In recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as potential regulators of BCSCs, which can modulate gene expression and influence cellular processes like BCSCs' self-renewal, differentiation, and tumor-promoting pathways. Understanding the miRNA signatures of BCSCs holds great promise for improving BC diagnosis and prognosis. By targeting BCSCs and their associated miRNAs, researchers aim to develop more effective and personalized treatment strategies that may offer better outcomes for BC patients, minimizing tumor recurrence and metastasis. In conclusion, the investigation of miRNAs as regulators of BCSCs opens new directions for advancing BC research through the use of bioinformatics and the development of innovative therapeutic approaches. This review summarizes the most recent and innovative studies and clinical trials on the role of BCSCs miRNAs as potential tools for early diagnosis, prognosis, and resistance.

Manejo quirúrgico de biopolímeros en punta nasal: reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Surgical Management of Biopolymers in Nasal Tip: Case Report and Literature Review

Introducción: los rellenos faciales han sido ampliamente utilizados a nivel mundial. Existen rellenos temporales, semipermanentes y permanentes. En cuanto a los rellenos permanentes, la silicona es la más utilizada y está aprobada por la agencia gubernamental de los Estados Unidos, la Administración de Alimentos y Medicamentos (FDA), en dos presentaciones para el desprendimiento de la retina. En 1997 se autorizó el uso off-label de Adatosil y Silicon 100, ambas prescritas durante la relación médico-paciente. Se han descrito múltiples eventos adversos secundarios a la inyección de silicona como relleno facial, principalmente síntomas inflamatorios, reacción a cuerpo extraño, sepsis y migración del producto, que por lo general se presentan por una aplicación inapropiada por personal sin entrenamiento. Caso clínico: se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino en la quinta década de la vida, a quien le aplicaron silicona en aceite a nivel de la punta nasal; posteriormente, presenta dermatopatía secundaria sin respuesta al manejo médico, por lo cual requiere manejo quirúrgico para el retiro del material alogénico y reconstrucción nasal secundaria. Se dan recomendaciones para el manejo quirúrgico de estos pacientes.

Introduction: Injectable facial fillers have been widely used worldwide. There are temporary, semipermanent, and permanent fillers. Regarding permanent fillers silicone is the most widely used, approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in two presentations Adatosil and Silicon 100 for retinal detachment. In 1997 the FDA allows for the off-label use prescribed within the doctor-patient relationship. There have been reported multiple adverse events, mainly inflammatory symptoms, foreign body reactions, sepsis, and product migration generally occurring by inappropriate application by untrained personnel. Case report: We present the case of a male patient in the fifth decade of life who underwent the application of silicone oil at the level of the nasal tip, and later presented secondary dermatopathy without response to medical management, which requires surgical management to remove the allogeneic material and secondary nasal reconstruction

Historia de la belleza / History of beauty

Objetivo: -Por medio de un recuento histórico de la belleza, ver cómo se ha construido y se ha modelado el cuerpo, respondiendo a las necesidades de cada época. - Adicionalmente, entender que debido a un solo canon de belleza que damos como el único, estamos excluyendo otras bellezas, y por ende, los riesgos y consecuencias que eso ha traído hoy en día social y estéticamente. Método: El método que se utilizó para el presente estudio tiene el carácter de investigación histórica, donde se ha abordado diversa bibliografía, tanto histórica como científica. Resultados: Debido a la homogeneización de un solo canon estético, el cual es utilizado principalmenteen la cirugía estética, ha traído consigo problemas como el de hacer intervenciones con resultados que no van acordes a su fisiología. Además, estas imágenes que encontramos en los diferentes medios de comunicación han tenido primero un procedimiento mediante programas de computación, vendiendo una imagen que no es real, y produciendo ideales de belleza que no son naturales. Conclusiones: Crear conciencia de que debemos comenzar a identificar otros tipos de belleza para que así, el procedimiento quirúrgico no tenga secuelas tan agresivas con la fisonomía del rostro. Abogar la idea de cirugía plástica natural, para que los cuerpos no sufran cambios drásticos, experimentando cambios de identidad.

Objectives: We want to see how the body has been constructed and modeled as a response to the needs of each period of time through a historical research. Understand that by recognizing just one type of beauty which we take as the only one, we are also leaving out other types of beauty, and therefore, the risks and consequences brought by that way of thinking. Methodology: The historical research method was used for this study. A wide variety of historical and scientific bibliography has been studied. Results: Due to the homogenization of only one aesthetic model, which has been used mainly for aesthetic surgery, there have been problems such as performing certain procedures with results that do not agree with the patient’s physiology. Besides, these images found on the various means of communication have undergone alterations through computer programs, thus selling an image that is not real which results in ideal beauties that are not natural. Conclusions: It is necessary to create the consciousness that we need to start identifying other types of beauty so that the surgical procedure does not have such aggressive consequences on the facial physiology. Advocate for the natural plastic surgery concept.

Influence of portal blood on the development of systemic inflammation associated with experimental acute pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND: The liver is a source of systemic proinflammatory mediators in acute pancreatitis. We have investigated the effects of blood from the pancreas and intestine in liver activation and lung inflammation during early stages of experimental acute pancreatitis in a rat model. METHODS: A portosystemic shunt and a mesosystemic shunt were created to prevent the passage of blood coming from the pancreas and the intestine, respectively, to the liver. Pancreatitis was induced by retrograde injection of 5% sodium taurocholate into the biliopancreatic duct. After 3 hours, the inflammatory process in the lung and intestine, plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and their soluble receptor, and mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators in the lung were evaluated. RESULTS: Portocaval shunting of blood prevented the inflammatory process in the lung, an increase in plasma TNF-alpha concentration, and the expression of TNF-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, and heat-shock protein (HSP)-72 in the lung, but had no effect on plasma levels of soluble TNF-alpha receptor or on expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 in the lung. In contrast, mesocaval shunting of blood did not modify any of the parameters evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: Pancreatic blood, but not intestinal blood, plays a key role in liver activation during experimental acute pancreatitis.

Preconditioning protects liver and lung damage in rat liver transplantation: role of xanthine/xanthine oxidase.

This study was designed to evaluate whether ischemic preconditioning could confer protection against liver and lung damage associated with liver transplantation. The effect of preconditioning on the xanthine/xanthine oxidase (XOD) system in liver grafts subjected to 8 and 16 hours of cold ischemia was also evaluated. Increased xanthine levels and marked conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) to XOD were observed after hepatic cold ischemia. Xanthine/XOD could play a role in the liver and lung damage associated with liver transplantation. This assumption is based on the observation that inhibition of XOD reduced postischemic reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and hepatic injury as well as ensuing lung inflammatory damage, including neutrophil accumulation, oxidative stress, and edema formation. Ischemic preconditioning reduced xanthine accumulation and conversion of XDH to XOD in liver grafts during cold ischemia. This could diminish liver and lung damage following liver transplantation. In the liver, preconditioning prevented postischemic ROS generation and hepatic injury as well as the injurious effects in the lung following liver transplantation. Administration of xanthine and XOD to preconditioned rats led to hepatic ROS and transaminase levels similar to those found after reperfusion and abolished the protective effect of preconditioning on the lung inflammatory damage. In conclusion, ischemic preconditioning reduces both liver and lung damage following liver transplantation. This endogenous protective mechanism is capable of blocking xanthine/XOD generation in liver grafts during cold ischemia.

Reversión de la diabetes en el ratón por el xenotrasplante de islotes porcinos en un páncreas bioartificial / Reversion of diabetes type I in the mice with diffusion chambers of pig islets an bioartificial pancreas model

Antecedentes: El páncreas bioartificial permitiría la utilización de islotes porcinos para la reversión de la diabetes tipo I en humanos. Distintos modelos se han creado hasta el presente, presentando diversos problemas, que limitan su aplicación clínica. Objetivo: Evaluar el modelo de páncreas bioartificial, con cámaras de difusión en un xenotrasplante discordante (cerdo-ratón). Material y Métodos: Ratones hembras diabéticos por Streptozotocin, fueron utilizados como receptores de islotes porcinos. Se introdujeron en agarosa, 2000 islotes en cada cámara, formadas con arandelas de acrílico adheridas a 2 membranas semipermeables de policarbonato. El diseño experimental: Grupo 1 (n = 4): 4000 islotes porcinos no encapsulados en cápsula renal. Grupo 2 (n = 4): 1 cámara c/u en el abdomen. Grupo 3 (n = 6): 2 cámaras c/u. Grupo 4 (n = 2): 3 cámaras c/u. Se evaluó en cada grupo las variaciones de glucemia y la reacción histológica pericámara. Resultados: En el grupo 1, la reversión de la diabetes no superó los 3 días. De los 12 ratones con cámaras de difusión, el 50 por ciento alcanzó la normoglucemia, manteniéndose en el 33,3 por ciento hasta la 5ta. semana fecha en la que se sacrificaron. Ninguno de los ratones con una cámara normaliza la glucemia, como en el 100 por ciento de los que poseían tres. Importante reacción inflamatoria pericámara, se halla en la 1era. y 5ta. semana. Conclusiones: Resultados auspiciosos; necesidad de ampliar la experiencia utilizando 6000 o más islotes por ratón, y un mayor número de estos para encontrar nuevas estrategias que disminuyan la inflamación pericámara, mejorando a largo plazo la supervivencia del injerto

Reversión de la diabetes en el ratón por el xenotrasplante de islotes porcinos en un páncreas bioartificial / Reversion of diabetes type I in the mice with diffusion chambers of pig islets an bioartificial pancreas model

Antecedentes: El páncreas bioartificial permitiría la utilización de islotes porcinos para la reversión de la diabetes tipo I en humanos. Distintos modelos se han creado hasta el presente, presentando diversos problemas, que limitan su aplicación clínica. Objetivo: Evaluar el modelo de páncreas bioartificial, con cámaras de difusión en un xenotrasplante discordante (cerdo-ratón). Material y Métodos: Ratones hembras diabéticos por Streptozotocin, fueron utilizados como receptores de islotes porcinos. Se introdujeron en agarosa, 2000 islotes en cada cámara, formadas con arandelas de acrílico adheridas a 2 membranas semipermeables de policarbonato. El diseño experimental: Grupo 1 (n = 4): 4000 islotes porcinos no encapsulados en cápsula renal. Grupo 2 (n = 4): 1 cámara c/u en el abdomen. Grupo 3 (n = 6): 2 cámaras c/u. Grupo 4 (n = 2): 3 cámaras c/u. Se evaluó en cada grupo las variaciones de glucemia y la reacción histológica pericámara. Resultados: En el grupo 1, la reversión de la diabetes no superó los 3 días. De los 12 ratones con cámaras de difusión, el 50 por ciento alcanzó la normoglucemia, manteniéndose en el 33,3 por ciento hasta la 5ta. semana fecha en la que se sacrificaron. Ninguno de los ratones con una cámara normaliza la glucemia, como en el 100 por ciento de los que poseían tres. Importante reacción inflamatoria pericámara, se halla en la 1era. y 5ta. semana. Conclusiones: Resultados auspiciosos; necesidad de ampliar la experiencia utilizando 6000 o más islotes por ratón, y un mayor número de estos para encontrar nuevas estrategias que disminuyan la inflamación pericámara, mejorando a largo plazo la supervivencia del injerto (AU)